Pilots are encouraged to turn on their landing lights when operating within 10 miles of an airport (day or night) At the conclusion of night operations, reset all the switches for day, as such, check after the aircraft has flown at night to make sure the previous pilot did not forget. Information on available Canadian charts and publications may be obtained from designated FAA chart agents or by contacting the: Information on available Mexican charts and publications may be obtained by contacting: A free ICAO Publications and Audio-Visual Training Aids Catalogue is available from: The FAA publishes a list of charts and publications with the, Additional information regarding content on aeronautical charts can be found in the. No other modification of database waypoints or the creation of user-defined waypoints on published RNAV or RNP procedures is permitted, except to: Change altitude and/or airspeed waypoint constraints to comply with an ATC clearance/instruction, Insert a waypoint along the published route to assist in complying with ATC instruction, example, "Descend via the WILMS arrival except cross 30 north of BRUCE at/or below FL 210." ), You need not pass directly over a positive landmark for it to be useful to you, Be cautious of man-made landmarks as they may have changed, moved, or no longer exist, Water features are depicted using two tones of blue, and are considered either "Open Water" or "Inland Water", "Open Water," a lighter blue tone, shows the shoreline limitations of all coastal water features at the average (mean) high water levels for oceans and seas, Light blue also represents the connecting waters like bays, gulfs, sounds, fjords, and large estuaries, Exceptionally large lakes like the Great Lakes, Great Salt Lake, and Lake Okeechobee, etc., are considered Open Water features, The Open Water tone extends inland as far as necessary to adjoin the darker blue "Inland Water" tones, All other bodies of water are marked as "Inland Water" in the darker blue tone, Can be positively identified but not specifically plotted because they extend for some distance, Features such as roads, railroads, coastlines, power lines and rivers may make good timing checkpoints if they are perpendicular to the course line and have other specific environmental particulars that identify your position, Rivers and power lines must be easy to find, either isolated or large so they are unmistakable with confirming landmarks so they can be confirmed, Railroads and major highways are almost always depicted on aeronautical charts, Features that a pilot suspects he can correlate with the chart, but they may not be fully reliable, Landmarks such as oil wells, and windmills may be repetitious. Further, any aircraft eligible for RNP 4 operations is automatically qualified for RNP 10/ RNAV 10 operations. Copyright 2023 CFI Notebook, All rights reserved. On procedures with both PBN elements and ground-based equipment requirements, the PBN requirements box will be listed first (See FIG 5-4-1. GPS is also a necessary component of the Aircraft Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) - an aircraft safety system that alerts pilots of upcoming terrain. CFI Notebook Aviation Information comes from a variety of sources, which requires a lifetime of dedication to perfect. Usually, the first indication of flying into restricted visibility conditions is the gradual disappearance of lights on the ground If the lights begin to take on an appearance of being surrounded by a halo or glow, the pilot should use caution in attempting further flight in that same direction However, selecting and inserting individual, named fixes from the database is permitted, provided all fixes along the published route to be flown are inserted. Time, distance, and speed calculations information, Determining Courses & Headings Information, CFI Notebook.net - Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs), Air Safety Institute's "A Visit to the Grey Lady", Federal Aviation Administration - Pilot/Controller Glossary, Aeronautical Information Manual (3-1-5) VFR Cruising Altitudes and Flight Levels, Aeronautical Information Manual (7-6-4) Obstructions To Flight, Aeronautical Information Manual (7-6-5) Avoid Flight Beneath Unmanned Balloons, Federal Aviation Regulations (91.119) Minimum safe altitudes: General, While often associated with completing a navigation log for a cross-country, flight planning is a process that must be conducted even for local flights in the traffic pattern, It is a descriptive process therefore involving more than one, If no wind information is available, plan using statistical winds, make them headwinds to be conservative in your fuel planning, Charts are all "true" as in true north and must be compensated to find magnetic north, Diverts (direction and channels/frequencies), Check points should be set approximately 10 NM apart, The purpose of flight planning is to become familiar with information pertaining to an intended flight, The work put in is also necessary to accurately complete FAA Form 7233-1, better known as a, According to FAR 91.103, pilots in command are required to familiarize themselves with information pertaining to the flight, The "how" is a product of flight planning but the "who, what, when, and where" provides a useful starting point, These required actions can be remembered using the acronym "NW KRAFT" or "WX-KRAFTN", A: Alternatives if the flight cannot be completed as planned, There are no requirements within the Federal Aviation Regulations to select and plan for an alternate, This does not preclude you from being prepared, In addition to the 1-2-3 rule, if your destination does not have an instrument approach procedure published, an alternate must be chosen in case the field were to fall into instrument meteorologic conditions. [Figure 1-4], En route NAVAIDs also provide weather information and serve communication functions, When a NAVAID is shown as a shadowed box, an automated flight service station (AFSS) of the same name is directly associated with the facility, If an AFSS is located without an associated NAVAID, the shadowed box is smaller and contains only the name and identifier, The AFSS frequencies are provided above the box, (Frequencies 122.2 and 255.4, and emergency frequencies 121.5 and 243.0 are not listed.) While there is a high expectation of knowledge among pilots, none can do so without periodically referencing old topics. Flight planning is the process in which a pilot prepares for an upcoming flight While often associated with completing a navigation log for a cross-country, flight planning is a process that must be conducted even for local flights in the traffic pattern It is a descriptive process therefore involving more than one type of navigation Task B. | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Sitemap | Patreon | Contact, https://www.fly.faa.gov/adv/advAdvisoryForm.jsp. Landmarks may be hard to spot, but there are some tricks you can use: Offset to the landmark slightly to have better visibility out the side of the aircraft looking straight down, Use Google Earn to spot nearby landmarks to reference when near. Is time lost fighting a headwind gained back when riding a tailwind? Data such as weather, temporary flight restrictions, obstacles, or other geospatial data can be combined with d-VC data to support a variety of needs. Pilots may descend when established on-course on the next segment of the approach, The Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) or avionics documents for your aircraft should specifically state the aircraft's RNP eligibilities, Contact the manufacturer of the avionics or the aircraft if this information is missing or incomplete, U.S. standard NavSpecs above support typical RNP airspace however, other NavSpecs may include different lateral accuracy values as identified by ICAO or other states. When flying GPS approaches, particularly in IMC, pilots should have a backup plan in the event of GPS anomalies. XC Planning Checklist (Jeppeson GFM) Pilotage Navigation by reference to landmarks or checkpoints. Airplane Flight Controls Lesson Learn about Primary and Secondary Flight Controls such as: Ailerons, Elevators, Rudders, Flaps, Spoilers, Trim Systems, and more. Pilots should avoid premature manual deletion of waypoints from their active "legs" page to allow for rejoining procedures, RAIM Prediction: If TSO-C129 equipment is used to solely satisfy the RNAV and RNP requirement, GPS RAIM availability must be confirmed for the intended route of flight (route and time). This means that your aircraft may be eligible for RNP APCH operations, but you may not fly an RF turn unless RF turns are also specifically listed as a feature of your avionics suite. Other "advanced" options for use in the en route environment (such as fixed radius transitions and Time of Arrival Control) are optional in the U.S. With this comes the need to keep things organized to reduce Foreign Object Debris (FOD) and confusion in flight. Copyright 2023 CFI Notebook, All rights reserved. CFI Notebook Flight Training Aircraft Operations Aerodynamics & Performance Maneuvers & Procedures Operation of Aircraft Systems Weather & Atmosphere National Airspace System Avionics & Instruments Publications & References Aeromedical & Human Factors Navigation & Flight Planning Rules & Regulations Flight Hazards & Safety Air Traffic Control RF turn capability is optional in RNP 1 eligibility. LNAV/VNAV incorporates LNAV lateral with vertical path guidance for systems and operators capable of either barometric or SBAS vertical. There are several potential advantages of RNAV routes and procedures: Reduced dependence on radar vectoring, altitude, and speed assignments allowing a reduction in required ATC radio transmissions, and, In addition to information found in this manual, guidance for domestic RNAV DPs, STARs, and routes may also be found in Advisory Circular 90-100(), U.S. Terminal and En Route Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations, RNAV procedures, such as DPs and STARs, demand strict pilot awareness and maintenance of the procedure centerline, Pilots should possess a working knowledge of their aircraft navigation system to ensure RNAV procedures are flown in an appropriate manner, In addition, pilots should have an understanding of the various waypoint and leg types used in RNAV procedures; these are discussed in more detail below, A waypoint is a predetermined geographical position that is defined in terms of latitude/longitude coordinates, Waypoints may be a simple named point in space or associated with existing navaids, intersections, or fixes, A waypoint is most often used to indicate a change in direction, speed, or altitude along the desired path, RNAV procedures make use of both fly-over and fly-by waypoints, Fly-by waypoints are used when an aircraft should begin a turn to the next course prior to reaching the waypoint separating the two route segments. Charted RNP values of 0.30 or below should contain two decimal places (for example, RNP 0.15, or 0.10, or 0.30) whereas the NavSpec title will only state "RNP 0.3", U.S. standard lateral accuracy values typically used for various routes and procedures supporting RNAV operations may be based on use of a specific navigational system or sensor such as GPS, or on multi-sensor RNAV systems having suitable performance, In the U.S., PBN requirements like Lateral Accuracy Values or NavSpecs applicable to a procedure will be depicted on affected charts and procedures. See the latest AC 90-105 for more information on A-RNP, including NavSpec bundling options, eligibility determinations, and operations approvals, A-RNP eligible aircraft are NOT automatically eligible for RNP AR APCH or RNP AR DP operations, as RNP AR eligibility requires a separate determination process and special FAA authorization, RNP 1 requires a lateral accuracy value of 1 for arrival and departure in the terminal area, and the initial and intermediate approach phase when used on conventional procedures with PBN segments (for example, an ILS with a PBN feeder, IAF, or missed approach).

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